Roadways
1.
Aggregating to about 2.3
million km at present.
2.
In India, roadways have
preceded railways.
3.
They still have an edge over
railways in view of the ease with which they can be built and maintained.
4.
In India, roads are classified
in the following six classes according to their capacity
Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
1.
The government has launched a
major road development project linking Delhi-Kolkata Chennai-Mumbai and Delhi.
By six-lane Super Highways.
2.
The North-South corridors
linking Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) and Kanyakumari (Tamil Nadu),
3.
And East-West Corridor
connecting Silchar (Assam) and Porbandar (Gujarat) are part of this project
4.
These highway projects are
being implemented by the National Highway Authority of India (NHAI).
National
Highways
·
National Highways link extreme
parts of the country
·
These are the primary road
systems and are laid and maintained by the Central Public Works Department
(CPWD).
·
The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is
called National Highway No.1 between
Delhi and Amritsar.
Do you know?
National Highway-7 is the
longest and traverses 2, 369 km between Varanasi and Kanyakumari
Via Jabalpur, Nagpur,
Hyderabad, Bangalore and Madurai
Delhi and Mumbai are
connected by National Highway-8, while National Highway-15 covers most of
Rajasthan.
State
Highways
1.
Roads linking a state capital
with different district headquarters are known as State Highways.
2.
These roads are constructed and
maintained by the State Public Works Department (PWD) in State and Union
Territories.
District
Roads
·
These roads connect the district
headquarters with other places of the district. These roads are maintained by
the Zila Parishad.
Other
Roads
·
Rural roads, which link rural
areas and villages with towns, are classified under this category
·
These roads received special
impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana
·
Under this scheme special
provisions are made so that every village in the country is linked to a major
town in the country by an all season motorable road.
Border
Roads
1.
Apart from these, Border Roads
Organisation a Government of India undertaking constructs and maintains roads
in the bordering areas of the country.
2.
This organisation was
established in 1960 for the development of the roads of strategic importance in
the northern and north-eastern border areas.
Road
Density
1.
The length of road per 100 sq.
km of area is known as density of roads.
2.
Distribution of road is not
uniform in the country.
3.
Density of all roads varies
from only 10 km in Jammu & Kashmir to 375 km in Kerala with the national
average of 75 km (1996-97).
Railways
1.
The Indian Railway have a
network of 7, 031 stations spread over a route length of 63, 221 km.
2.
with a fleet of 7817
locomotives, 5321 passenger service vehicles, 4904 other coach vehicles and
228, 170 wagons as on 31 March 2004.
3.
The Indian Railways is the
largest public sector undertaking in the country.
4.
The first train steamed off
from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km.
5.
The Indian Railway network runs
on multiple gauge operations
Gauge in metres Route (Km) Running Track (Km) Total Track (Km.)
Broad Gauge (1. 676) 46, 807 66, 754 88, 547
Metro
Gauge (1.000) 13, 209 13, 976 16, 489
Narrow Gauge (0.762 & 0.610) 3, 124 3, 129 3, 450
6.
The Indian Railway is now
reorganised into 16 zones
Pipelines
1.
Pipeline transport network is a
new arrival on the transportation map of India.
2.
There are three important
networks of pipeline transportation in the country.
3.
From oil field in upper Assam
to Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad.
4.
It has branches from Barauni to
Haldia, via Rajbandh, Rajbandh to Maurigram and Guwahati to Siliguri.
5.
From Salaya in Gujarat to
Jalandhar in Punjab, via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat.
6.
It has branches to connect
Koyali (near Vadodara, Gujarat) Chakshu and other places.
7.
Gas pipeline from Hazira in
Gujarat connects Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh, via Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh
8.
It has branches to Kota in
Rajasthan, Shahajahanpur, Babrala and other places in Uttar Pradesh.
Waterways
1.
Waterways are the cheapest
means of transport
2.
They are most suitable for
carrying heavy and bulky goods.
3.
It is a fuel-efficient and
environment friendly mode of transport.
4.
India has inland navigation
waterways of 14,500 km in length.
5.
Out of these only 3,700 km are navigable
by mechanised boats.
6.
The following waterways have
been declared as the National Waterways by the Government.
7.
The Ganga River between
Allahabad and Haldia (1620 km)-N.W. No.1
8.
The Brahmaputra River between
Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)-N.W. No.2
9.
The West-Coast Canal in Kerala
(Kottapurma-Komman, Udyogamandal and Champakkara canals-205 km) – N.W. No.3
10.
The other viable inland
waterways include the Godavari, Krishna, Barak, Sunderbans, Buckingham Canal,
Brahmani, East-west Canal and Damodar Valley Corporation Canal.
11.
95 per cent of the country’s
trade volume (68 per cent in terms of value) is moved by sea.
Major
Sea Ports
1.
With a long coastline of
7,516.6 km, India is dotted with 12 major and 181 medium and minor ports.
2.
These major ports handle 95 per
cent of India’s foreign trade. Kandla in Kuchchh w
3.
Kandla in Kuchchh was the first
port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the
Mumbai port,
4.
In the wake of loss of Karachi
port to Pakistan after the Partition
5.
Kandla is a tidal port. It
caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of
6.
highly productive granary and
industrial belt stretching across the states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat.
7.
Mumbai is the biggest port with
a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour.
8.
The Jawaharlal Nehru port was
planned with a view to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a
9.
Hub port for this region
10.
Marmagao port (Goa) is the
premier iron ore exporting port of the country.
11.
This port accounts for about
fifty per cent of India’s iron ore export
12.
New Mangalore port, located in
Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines.
13.
Kochi is the extreme
south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour.
14.
Along the east coast,
15.
The extreme south-eastern port
of Tuticorin, in Tamil Nadu.
16.
This port has a natural harbour
and rich hinterland
17.
Thus, it has a flourishing
trade handling of a large variety of cargoes to even our neighbouring countries
like Sri Lanka, Maldives, etc.
18.
Chennai is one of the oldest
artificial ports of the country.
19.
It is ranked next to Mumbai in
terms of the volume of trade and cargo.
20.
Vishakhapatnam is the deepest
landlocked and well-protected port
21.
This port was, originally,
conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports
22.
Paradip port located in Orissa,
specialises in the export of iron ore
23.
This port serves a very large
and rich hinterland of Ganga- Brahmaputra basin
24.
Being a tidal port, it requires
constant dredging of Hoogly.
25.
Haldia port was developed as a
subsidiary port, in order to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.
Airways
1.
The air transport was
nationalised in 1953
2.
Indian Airlines, Alliance Air
(subsidiary of Indian Airlines), private scheduled airlines and non- scheduled
operators provide domestic air services.
3.
Air India provides
international air services
4.
Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd.
provides helicopter services to Oil and Natural Gas Commission in its off-
shore operations,
5.
To inaccessible areas and
difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of
Jammu and Kashmir,
6.
It is only in the north-eastern
states that special provisions are made to extend the services to the common
people.
Communication
1.
To facilitate quick delivery of
mails in large towns and cities
2.
Six mail channels have been
introduced recently
3.
They are called Rajdhani
Channel, Metro Channel, and Green Channel
4.
Business Channel, Bulk Mail
Channel and Periodical Channel
5.
Mass communication provides
entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national
programmes and policies.
6.
All India Radio (Akashwani)
broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages
for various categories of people, spread over different parts of the country
7.
Doordarshan, the national
television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the
world.
8.
It broadcasts a variety of
programmes from entertainment, educational to sports, etc. for people of
different age groups
9.
The largest number of
newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu
10.
India is the largest producer
of feature films in the world
11.
It produces short films; video
feature films and video short films
12.
The Central Board of Film
Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films
International
Trade
1.
The exchange of goods among
people, states and countries is referred to as trade
2.
The exchange of goods among
people, states and countries is referred to as trade
3.
It may take place through sea,
air or land routes.
4.
Advancement of international
trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity.
5.
It is, therefore, considered
the economic barometer for a country.
6. Among the commodities of
export,
·
Agriculture and allied products
·
Ores and minerals
·
Gems and jewellery
·
Chemical and allied products
·
Engineering goods
·
Petroleum products
7. The commodities imported
to India include
·
Petroleum and petroleum
products
·
Earls and precious stones
·
Inorganic chemicals
·
Coal, coke and briquettes
·
Machinery
·
Bulk imports as a group
registered a growth accounting for 39.09 per cent of total imports.
·
This group includes
·
Fertilizers
·
Cereals
·
Edible oils
·
Newsprint
8.
India has emerged as a software
giant at the international level and it is earning large foreign exchange
through the export of information technology.
Tourism as
a Trade
9.
Tourism in India has grown
substantially over the last three decades
10.
Foreign tourist’s arrivals in
the country witnessed an increase of 23.5 per cent during the year 2004
11.
As against the year 2003, thus
contributing Rs 21,828 crore of foreign exchange.
12.
Over 2.6 million foreign
tourists visit India every year.
13.
More than 15 million people are
14.
Directly engaged in the tourism
industry.
15.
Tourism also promotes national
integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.
16.
Foreign tourists visit India
for heritage tourism, eco-tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical
tourism and business tourism.
17.
Rajasthan, Goa, Jammu and
Kashmir and temple towns of south India are important destinations of foreign
tourists in India.
18.
There is vast potential of
tourism development in the north-eastern states and the interior parts of
Himalayas,
19.
But due to strategic reasons
these have not been encouraged so far.
No comments:
Post a Comment