MIGRATION
Types, Causes and Consequences
1.
Migration was recorded
beginning from the first Census of India conducted in 1881.
2.
This data were recorded on the
basis of place of birth
3.
However, the first major modification
was introduced in 1961 Census by bringing in two additional components viz;
place of birth i.e. village or town and duration of residence (if born
elsewhere)
4.
Further in 1971, additional
information on place of last residence and duration of stay at the place of
enumeration were incorporated.
5.
Information on reasons for
migration were incorporated in 1981 Census and modified in consecutive Censuses
In the Census of India migration is enumerated on two bases
·
Place of birth, if the place of
birth is different from the place of enumeration (known as life-time migrant);
·
Place of residence, if the
place of last residence is different from the place of enumeration (known as
migrant by place of last residence).
Streams
of Migration
Under the internal Migration four streams
are identified:
·
Rural to rural (R-R)
·
Rural to urban (R-U)
·
Urban to urban (U-U)
·
Urban to rural (U-R).
1.
Some states like Maharashtra,
Delhi, Gujarat and Haryana attract migrants from other states such as Uttar
Pradesh, Bihar, etc.
2.
Maharashtra occupied first
place in the list with 2.3 million net in-migrants, followed by Delhi, Gujarat
and Haryana
3.
On the other hand, Uttar
Pradesh (-2.6 million) and Bihar (-1.7 million) were the states, which had the
largest number of net out-migrants from the state
4.
Among the urban agglomeration
(UA), Greater Mumbai received the higher number of in migrants.
5.
Intra-states migration
constituted the largest share in it
Consequences
of Migration
·
People tend to move from place
of low opportunity and low safety to the place of higher opportunity and better
safety.
Economic
Consequences
1.
Remittances from the
international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange.
2.
Punjab, Kerala and Tamil Nadu
receive very significant amount
Demographic
Consequences
1.
Migration leads to the
redistribution of the population within a country.
2.
Rural urban migration is one of
the important factors contributing to the population growth of cities.
3.
Age and skill selective out
migration from the rural area have adverse effect on the rural demographic
structure.
4.
However, high out migration
from Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Eastern Maharashtra have
brought serious imbalances in age and sex composition in these states.
Social
Consequences
1.
Migration leads to intermixing
of people from diverse cultures. It has positive contribution such as evolution
of composite culture
2.
Migration leads to intermixing
of people from diverse cultures. It has positive contribution such as evolution
of composite culture
3.
Negative consequences such as
anonymity, which creates social vacuum and sense of dejection among individuals
Others
1.
Migration (even excluding the
marriage migration) affects the status of women directly or indirectly.
2.
In the rural areas, male
selective out migration leaving their wives behind puts extra physical as well
mental pressure on the women
3.
Migration of ‘women’ either for
education or employment enhances their autonomy and role in the economy but
also increases their vulnerability.
4.
If remittances are the major
benefits of migration from the point of view of the source region,
5.
The loss of human resources
particularly highly skilled people is the most serious cost.
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT
First
Human Development Report by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in
1990.
What is
Human Development?
1.
“Human development is a process
of enlarging the range of people’s choices, increasing their opportunities for
education, health care, income and empowerment and covering the full range of
human choices from a sound physical environment to economic, social and
political freedom.”
2.
According to the Human
Development Report 1993, “progressive democratisation and increasing
empowerment of people are seen as the minimum conditions for human
development”.
3.
It also mentions that
“development must be woven around people, not the people around development” as
was the case previously
Human
Development in India
1.
India with a population of over
1.09 billion is ranked 127 among 172 countries of the world in terms of the
Human Development Index (HDI).
2.
With the composite HDI value of
O.602 India finds herself grouped with countries showing medium human
development (UNDP 2005).
3.
Using the indicators selected
by the UNDP, the Planning Commission of India also prepared the Human
Development Report for India.
4.
The final HDI by the Planning
Commission of India has been calculated by taking the three indicators
5.
This report also discussed
other indicators like
·
Economic attainment
·
Social empowerment
·
Social distributive justice
·
Accessibility
·
Hygiene
·
Indicators of Economic
Attainments
Gross National Product (GNP) and its per
capita availability are taken as measures to assess the resource base/
endowment of any country
For India, it is estimated that
its GDP was Rs. 3200 thousand crores (at current Price) and accordingly, per
capita income was Rs. 20,813 at current prices.
Indicators
of a Healthy Life
1.
Life free from illness and
ailment and living a reasonably long life span are indicative of a healthy
life.
2.
India has done reasonably well
in some of the health indicators like
3.
Decline in death rate from 25.1
per thousand in 1951 to 8.1 per thousand in 1999
4.
Infant mortality from 148 per
thousand to 70 during the same period.
5.
It also succeeded in increasing
life expectancy at birth from 37.1 years to 62.3 years for males
6.
36.2 to 65.3 years for females
from 1951 to 1999.
7.
It has also done reasonably
well in bringing down birth rate from 40.8 to 26.1 during the same years
Indicators
of Social Empowerment
1.
“Development is freedom”.
Freedom from hunger, poverty, servitude, bondage, ignorance, illiteracy and any
other forms of domination is the key to human development
2.
Literacy is the beginning of
access to such a world of knowledge and freedom.
Upcoming topics - (Human Settlements & Natural resources )
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