INDIAN
NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1905-1916)
1.
The period from 1905 was known as the era of extremism in the
Indian National Movement.
2.
The extremists or the
aggressive nationalists believed that success could be achieved through bold
means
3.
The important
extremist leaders were Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh.
Causes for the Rise of Extremism
1.
The failure of the Moderates to
win any notable success other than the expansion of the legislative councils by
the Indian Councils Act (1892)
2.
The famine and plague of
1896-97 which affected the whole country and the suffering of the masses
3.
The economic conditions of the
people became worse.
4.
The ill-treatment of Indians in
South Africa on the basis of colour of skin
5.
The Russo-Japanese war of
1904-5 in which Japan defeated the European power Russia.
6.
This encouraged Indians to
fight against the European nation, Britain
7.
The immediate cause for the
rise of extremism was the reactionary rule of Lord Curzon:
8.
He passed the Calcutta
Corporation Act, (1899) reducing the Indian control of this local body.
9.
The Universities Act (1904)
reduced the elected members in the University bodies. It also reduced the
autonomy of the universities and made them government departments.
10.
The Sedition Act and the
Official Secrets Act reduced the freedoms of all people.
11.
His worst measure was the
Partition of Bengal (1905).
12.
Their main objective was to
attain Swaraj or complete independence and not just self-government.
The methods used by the extremists were:
1.
Not cooperating with the
British Government by boycotting government courts, schools and colleges.
2.
Promotion of Swadeshi and
boycott of foreign goods
3.
Introduction and promotion of
national education.
Leaders of the Extremists
1.
The extremists were led by Bala
Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipinchandra Pal and Aurobindo Ghosh
2.
Bal Gangadhar
Tilak is regarded as the real founder of the popular
anti-British movement in India.
3.
He was known as ‘Lokamanya’. He
attacked the British through his weeklies The Mahratta and the Kesari.
4.
He was jailed twice by the
British for his nationalist activities and in 1908 deported
to Mandalay for six years.
5.
He set
up the Home Rule League in 1916 at Poona and declared “Swaraj is my
birth-right and I will have it.”
6.
Lala Lajpat
Rai is popularly known as the ‘Lion
of Punjab’.
7.
He played an important role in
the Swadeshi Movement.
8.
He founded the Indian Home Rule
League in the US in 1916
9.
He was deported
to Mandalay on the ground of sedition
10.
He received fatal injuries while leading a procession against the Simon
Commission and died on November 17, 1928.
11.
Bipin Chandra
Pal began his career as a moderate and turned an
extremist.
12.
Aurobindo Ghosh
was another extremist leader and he actively
participated in the Swadeshi Movement.
13.
He was also imprisoned. After
his release he settled in the French territory of Pondicherry and concentrated
on spiritual activities
Partition of Bengal and the Rise of Extremism
·
The partition of Bengal in 1905
provided a spark for the rise of extremism in the Indian National Movement
Curzon’s real motives were:
1.
To break the growing strength
of Bengali nationalism since Bengal was the base of Indian nationalism.
2.
To divide the Hindus and
Muslims in Bengal.
3.
To show the enormous power of
the British Government in doing whatever it liked.
The partition came into effect, 16 October 1905
1.
The people of Bengal organised
protest meetings and observed a day of mourning.
2.
The whole political life of
Bengal underwent a change.
3.
Gandhi wrote that the real
awakening in India took place only after the Partition of Bengal.
4.
The anti-partition movement
culminated into the Swadeshi Movement and spread to other parts of India
5.
The aggressive nationalists
forced Dadabhai Naoroji to speak of Swaraj (which was not a Moderate demand) in
the Calcutta Session of Congress in 1906.
6.
They adopted the resolutions of
Boycott and Swadeshi.
7.
The differences
led to a split in the Congress at the Surat session in 1907.
8.
This is popularly known as the famous Surat Split.
Swadeshi Movement
1.
The Swadeshi Movement involved
programmes like the boycott of government service, courts, schools and colleges
and of foreign goods,
2.
Promotion of Swadeshi goods,
Promotion of National Education through the establishment of national schools
and colleges.
3.
It was both a political and
economic movement
4.
In Bengal, even the landlords
joined the movement
5.
The women and students took to
picketing. Students refused using books made of foreign paper.
Achievements of Extremists
1.
They were the first to demand
Swaraj as a matter of birth right
2.
They involved the masses in the
freedom struggle and broadened the social base of the National Movement.
3.
They were the first to organize
an all-India political movement, viz. the Swadeshi Movement.
Formation of the Muslim League (1906)
1.
In December 1906, Muslim
delegates from all over India met at Dacca for the Muslim Educational
Conference
2.
Taking advantage of this
occasion, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca proposed the setting up of an organisation
to look after the Muslim interests.
3.
The All-India Muslim League was
finally set up on December 30, 1906.
The Lucknow Pact (1916)
1.
The divided Congress became
united
2.
An understanding for joint
action against the British was reached between the Congress and the Muslim
League and it was called the Lucknow Pact.
3.
Marked an important step in the
Hindu-Muslim unity.
The Home Rule Movement (1916
1.
Two Home Rule Leagues were
established, one by B.G. Tilak at Poona in April 1916
2.
Other by Mrs Annie Besant at
Madras in September 1916.
3.
The aim of the Movement was to
get self-government for India within the British Empire.
4.
It believed freedom was the
natural right of all nations.
5.
The leaders of the Home
Movement thought that India’s resources were not being used for her needs.
6.
The Home Rule Movement had
brought a new life in the national movement.
7.
There was a revival of
Swadeshi. Women joined in larger numbers
8.
On 20 August 1917, Montague,
the Secretary of State in England, made a declaration in the Parliament of
England on British Government’s policy towards future political reforms in
India
9.
This August Declaration led to
the end of the Home Rule Movement.
Revolutionary Movements
1.
In the first half of the 20th
century, revolutionary groups sprang up mainly in Bengal, Maharashtra, Punjab
and Madras.
2.
The revolutionaries were not
satisfied with the methods of both the moderates and extremists.
3.
In Bengal Anusilan Samiti and
Jugantar were established.
4.
In Maharashtra Savarkar
brothers had set up Abhinava Bharat
5.
In the Madras Presidency,
Bharathmatha Association was started by Nilakanta Bramachari
6.
In Punjab Ajit Singh set up a
secret society to spread revolutionary ideas among the youth.
7.
In London, at India House,
Shyamji Krishna Verma gathered young Indian nationalists like
8.
Madan Lal Dhingra, Savarkar,
V.V.S. Iyer and T.S.S.Rajan.
9.
Lala Hardyal set up the ‘Ghadar
Party ‘in USA to organise revolutionary activities from outside India
MODEL
QUESTIONS
Choose the
correct answer.
Which among the following
is not a cause for the rise of extremism?
a) Ilbert Bill
b) Calcutta Corporation Act
(d)
Partition of Bengal
c) The Universities Act
The Muslim League was
founded in
(a) 1906
b) 1909
c) 1916
d) 1926
Match the following.
1. Kesari a. Maharashtra
2. Lion of Punjab b. Muslim League
3. Salimulla Khan c. Lala Har Dayal
4. Ghadar Party d. B.G. Tilak
5. Abhinava Bharat e. Lala Lajpat Rai
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