Agriculture
·
Primary activities include all those
connected with extraction and production of natural resources.
·
Secondary activities are concerned with
the processing of these resources.
·
Agriculture is a primary
activity. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of
livestock.
·
The land on which the crops are
grown is known as arable land
·
Sericulture commercial
rearing of silk
worms. It may supplement the income of the farmer.
·
Agriculture The science and art
of cultivation on the soil, raising crops and rearing livestock. It is also
called farming
·
Pisciculture breeding
of fish in specially constructed tanks and ponds
·
Viticulture
Cultivation of
grapes.
·
Horticulture Growing vegetables,
flowers and fruits for commercial use.
TYPES
OFFARMING
Ø These are subsistence farming and commercial farming
Ø Organic
Farming In
this type of farming, organic manure and natural pesticides are used instead of
chemicals. No genetic modification is
done to increase the yield of the crop.
Ø Intensive subsistence
agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of
land using simple tools and more labour.
Ø Primitive subsistence
agriculture includes shifting cultivation and
nomadic herding.
Ø Shifting
cultivation is known by different names in different parts of the world Jhumming North-East
India Milpa-Mexico Roca- Brazil.
Ladang- Malaysia
Ø Shifting cultivation is practised in the thickly forested areas of Amazon basin, tropical Africa, parts of Southeast
Asia and Northeast India.
Ø Nomadic
herding is
practised in the semi-arid and arid regions of Sahara,
Central Asia and some parts of India, like Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir.
Ø Herdsmen move from place to place with their animals for fodder and
water,
Ø In commercial
grain farming crops are grown for commercial
purpose. Wheat and maize are common commercially grown grains.
Major areas
Ø Temperate grasslands of North America
Ø Europe and Asia.
Ø Severe winters restrict the growing season and only a single crop can
be grown.
Ø Mixed farming the land is used for growing food and fodder crops and rearing
livestock.
Ø Practised in Europe, eastern USA, Argentina, southeast Australia, New
Zealand and South Africa.
Ø Plantations are a type of commercial farming where single crop of tea, coffee,
sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.
Ø Found in the tropical regions of the
world. Rubber in Malaysia, coffee in Brazil, tea in India and Sri Lanka are
some examples.
Ø Rice: Rice is the major food crop of the world.
Ø Diet of the tropical and sub-tropical regions.
Ø Needs high temperature, high humidity and rainfall
Ø Grows best in alluvial clayey soil, which can retain water
Ø China leads in the production of rice followed by India, Japan, Sri
Lanka and Egypt
Ø Wheat requires moderate temperature and rainfall during growing season
and bright sunshine at the time of harvest.
Ø Thrives best in well drained loamy soil
Ø Grown extensively in USA, Canada, Argentina, Russia, Ukraine,
Australia and India. In India it is grown in winter.
Ø Hardy crop that needs low rainfall
Ø High to Moderate temperature and adequate rainfall.
Ø Juwan, bare and rage are grown in India. Other countries are
Nigeria, China and Niger.
Ø Do you know?
Maize is also known as corn. Various colourful varieties of maize are found
across the world.
Ø Maize: Maize requires moderate temperature, rainfall and lots of
sunshine.
Ø Well-drained fertile soils.
Maize is grown in North America, Brazil, China, Russia, Canada, India,
and Mexico.
Ø Cotton: Cotton requires high temperature, light rainfall, two hundred and
ten frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
Ø Grows best on black and alluvial soils.
Ø China, USA, India, Pakistan, Brazil and Egypt are the leading
producers of cotton
Ø Jute: Jute was also known as the ‘Golden Fibre’.
Ø Grows well on alluvial soil
Ø Requires high temperature
Ø Heavy rainfall and humid climate.
Ø Grown in the tropical areas.
Ø India
and Bangladesh are the leading producers of jute.
Ø Coffee: Coffee requires warm and wet climate and well drained loamy soil.
Ø Hill slopes are more suitable for growth of this crop.
Ø Brazil is the leading producer followed by Columbia and India.
Ø Tea: Tea is a beverage crop grown on plantations.
Ø Requires cool climate and well distributed high rainfall throughout
the year for the growth of its tender leaves.
Ø It needs well-drained loamy soils and gentle slopes.
Ø Labour in large number is required to pick the leaves. Kenya, India,
China, Sri Lanka produce the best quality tea in the world.
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
Primitive Subsistence Farming
Ø It is
jhumming in north-eastern states like
Assam,
Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland
Ø Pamlou in Manipur
Ø Dipa in
Bastar district of Chattishgarh, and in Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Ø ‘Milpa’ in Mexico
and Central America
Ø ‘Conuco’
in Venzuela
Ø Masole’ in Central
Africa
Ø Ladang’ in Indonesia
Ø Ray’ in Vietnam
Ø ‘Bewar’ or ‘Dahiya’
in Madhya
Pradesh,
Ø Podu’ or ‘Penda’ in Andhra
Pradesh
Ø ‘Pama Dabi’ or
‘Koman’ or Bringa’ in Orissa
Ø ‘Kumari’ in Western
Ghats
Ø ‘Valre’ or ‘Waltre’ in South-eastern
Rajasthan
Ø Khil’ in the Himalayan belt
Ø Kuruwa’ in Jharkhand
Ø ‘Jhumming’ in the North-eastern region
Intensive
Subsistence Farming
Ø Practised in areas of high population pressure on land
Ø Labour-intensive farming
Commercial
Farming
Ø Use of higher doses of modern inputs, e.g. high yielding variety
(HYV) seed
Ø Chemical fertilisers,
Ø Rice is a commercial crop in Haryana and Punjab
Ø In Orissa, it is a subsistence crop
Ø Plantation is also a type of commercial farming
Ø A single crop is grown on a large area
Ø Plantation has an interface of agriculture and industry
Ø Cover large tracts of land
Ø Using capital intensive inputs
Ø With the help of migrant labourers.
Ø Tea, coffee, rubber, sugarcane, banana, etc... Are important
plantation crops
Ø Tea in Assam and North Bengal
Ø Coffee in Karnataka are some of the important plantation crops
Ø Production is mainly for market
Ø A well-developed network of transport and communication connecting
the plantation areas, processing industries and markets plays an important role
CROPPING PATTERN
Ø India has three cropping seasons — Rabi, kharif and zaid
Ø Rabi crops are sown in winter
from October to December
Ø Harvested in summer from April to
June
Ø Important Rabi crops are wheat,
barley, peas, gram and mustard
Ø Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal
and Uttar Pradesh are important for the
production of wheat and other Rabi crops.
Ø Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the
western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops
Ø Success of the green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar
Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor
Ø Kharif crops are grown with
the onset of monsoon
Ø Harvested in September-October
Ø Paddy, maize, jowar,
bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and soyabean
Ø Rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal regions of
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly the
(Konkan coast) along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Ø Paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana
Ø Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy
are grown in a year
Aus, Aman and Boro.
Zaid season
Ø Between the Rabi and the kharif seasons
Ø Short season during the summer
Ø Watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber
Ø Vegetables and fodder crops
Ø Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow.
Major Crops
Ø Rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee, sugarcane, oil seeds,
cotton and jute, etc.
Rice:
Ø Staple food crop of a majority of the people in India
Ø Second largest producer of rice in the world after China
Ø Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25°C) and high
humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm
Ø Grown in the plains of north and north-eastern India, coastal areas
and the deltaic regions.
Wheat
Ø Second most important cereal crop
Ø Second most important cereal crop
Ø Rabi crop requires a cool growing season
Ø Bright sunshine at the time of ripening
Ø Requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed over the
growing season
Ø Two important wheat-growing zones
Ø The Ganga-Satluj plains in the northwest
Ø Black soil region of the Deccan
Ø Major wheat-producing states are Punjab
Ø Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and parts of Madhya Pradesh
Millets
Ø Jowar, bajra and ragi are the important millets grown in India
Ø Known as coarse grains
Ø They have very high nutritional value
Ø Ragi is very rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and
roughage
Ø Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and
production.
Ø Rain-fed crop mostly grown in the moist areas which hardly needs
irrigation.
Ø Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar followed by Karnataka,
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
Ø Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil
Ø Rajasthan is the largest producer of bajra followed by Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana
Ø Grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow black soils
Ø Karnataka is the largest producer of ragi followed by Tamil Nadu.
Ø Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, Jharkhand and Arunachal
Pradesh are also important for the production of ragi.
Maize:
Ø Used both as food and fodder.
Ø A kharif crop
Ø Temperature between 21°C to 27°C
Ø Grows well in old alluvial soil.
Ø States like Bihar maize is grown in Rabi season also
Ø Major maize-producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
Pulses
Ø India is the largest producer as
well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
Ø Major pulses that are grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong,
masur, peas and gram.
Ø Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
Ø Being leguminous crops
Ø All these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by
fixing nitrogen from the air
Ø Mostly grown in rotation with other crops
Ø Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar
Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka
Ø Food Crops other than Grains
Sugarcane
Ø It is a tropical as well as a subtropical crop
Ø It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21°C to
27°C
Ø Annual rainfall between 75cm and 100cm
Ø Grown on a variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to
harvesting.
Ø India is the second largest producer
of sugarcane only after Brazil
Ø The major sugarcane-producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana
Oil Seeds
Ø Largest producer of oilseeds in the world
Ø Different oil seeds are grown covering approximately 12 per cent of
the total cropped area of the country
Ø Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, and coconut,
sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower
Ø Edible and used as cooking mediums
Ø Groundnut is a kharif crop and accounts for about half of the major
oilseeds produced in the country
Ø Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of groundnut followed by
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra
Ø Linseed and mustard are Rabi crops
Ø Sesamum is a kharif crop in north and Rabi crop in south India
Ø Castor seed is grown both as Rabi and kharif crop
Tea
Ø Tea cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture
Ø The tea plant grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates
endowed with deep and fertile well-drained so
Ø Grows well in tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep
and fertile well-drained soil
Ø Rich in humus and organic matter
Ø Tea bushes require warm and moist frost-free climate all through the
year
Ø Processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness
Ø States are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Ø Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura
are also tea-producing states in the country.
Ø India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the
world
Coffee
Ø Four per cent of the world’s
coffee production
Ø Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality
Ø The Arabica variety initially
brought from Yemen is produced in the country
Ø Cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills
Ø Cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and
Tamil Nadu
Horticulture Crops:
Ø India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world
Ø India is a producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits
Ø Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal,
Ø Oranges of Nagpur and Cherrapunjee (Meghalaya)
Ø Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu
Ø Lichi and guava of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Ø Pineapples of Meghalaya
Ø Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra
Ø Apples, pears, apricots and walnuts of Jammu and Kashmir and
Himachal Pradesh
Ø India produces about 13 per cent of the world’s vegetables.
Ø Producer of pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage, tomato, brinjal and
potato
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