THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1917-1947)
Round Table Conference
The first Round Table Conference
1.
Held in November 1930 at London
and it was boycotted it by the Congress.
2.
In January 1931 in order to
create a conducive atmosphere for talks,
3.
The government lifted the ban
on the Congress Party and released its leaders from prison.
4.
On 8 March 1931 the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed.
5.
As per this pact, Mahatma
Gandhi agreed to suspend the Civil-Disobedience Movement and participate in the
Second Round Table Conference.
In September 1931, the
Second Round Table Conference was held at London
1.
Mahatma Gandhi participated in
the Conference but returned to India disappointed
2.
As no agreement could be
reached on the demand of complete independence and on the communal question.
3.
In January 1932, the Civil-Disobedience
Movement was resumed
4.
The government responded to it
by arresting Mahatma
5.
Gandhi and Sardar Patel and by reposing
the ban on the Congress party
Poona Pact (1932)
1.
By 1930, Dr Ambedkar had become
a leader of national stature championing the cause of the depressed people of
the country.
2.
While presenting a real picture
of the condition of these people in the First Round Table Conference,
3.
He had demanded separate
electorates for them
4.
On 16 August 1932 the British
Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald made an announcement, which came to be as the
Communal Award.
5.
According to this award, the
depressed classes were considered as a separate community and as such
provisions were made for separate electorates for them.
6.
Mahatma Gandhi protested
against the Communal Award and went on a fast unto death in the Yeravada jail
on 20 September 1932.
7.
Finally, an agreement was
reached between Dr Ambedkar and Gandhi
8.
This agreement came to be
called as the Poona Pact. The British Government also approved of it.
9.
Accordingly, 148 seats in
different Provincial Legislatures were reserved for the Depressed Classes in
place of 71 as provided in the Communal Award.
The third Round Table Conference came to an end in 1932
1.
The Congress once more did not
take part in it
2.
Nonetheless, in March 1933, the
British Government issued a White Paper
3.
Which became the basis for the
enactment of the Government of India Act, 1935.
The Second World War and National Movement
1.
In 1937 elections were held
under the provisions of the Government of India Act of 1935
2.
Congress Ministries were formed
in seven states of India.
3.
On 1 September 1939 the Second
World War broke out.
4.
The British Government without
consulting the people of India involved the country in the war.
5.
As a mark of protest the
Congress Ministries in the Provinces resigned on 12 December 1939
6.
The Muslim League celebrated
that day as the Deliverance Day
7.
In March 1940 the Muslim League
demanded the creation of Pakistan.
Individual Satyagraha
1.
In order to secure the
cooperation of the Indians, the British Government made an announcement on 8
August 1940,
2.
The August Offer envisaged that
after the War a representative body of Indians would be set up to frame the new
Constitution.
3.
Gandhi was not satisfied with
is offer and decided to launch Individual Satyagraha.
4.
Individual Satyagraha was
limited, symbolic and non-violent in nature
5.
It was left to Mahatma Gandhi
to choose the Satyagrahis
6.
Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the
first to offer Satyagraha and he was sentenced to three months imprisonment
7.
Jawaharlal Nehru was the second
Satyagrahi and imprisoned for four months.
8.
The individual Satyagraha
continued for nearly 15 months.
Cripps Mission (1942)
·
In the midst of worsening
wartime international situation, the British Government in its continued effort
to secure Indian cooperation
·
Sent Sir Stafford Cripps to
India on 23 March 1942. This is known as Cripps Mission
The main recommendations of Cripps were:
1.
The promise of Dominion Status
to India
2.
Protection of minorities
3.
Setting up of a Constituent
Assembly in which there would be representatives from the Princely States along
with those of the British Provinces
4.
There would be provision for
any Province of British India not prepared to accept this Constitution,
5.
Either to retain its present
constitutional position or frame a constitution of its own.
Gandhi
called Cripp’s proposals as a “Post-dated Cheque”.
6.
The Muslim League was also
dissatisfied as its demand for Pakistan had not been conceded in the proposal
Quit India Movement (1942-1944)
1.
The failure of the Cripps
Mission and the fear of an impending Japanese invasion of India led Mahatma
Gandhi to begin his campaign for the British to quit India
2.
Mahatma Gandhi believed that an
interim government could be formed only after the British left India and the
Hindu-Muslim problem sorted out.
3.
The All India Congress
Committee met at Bombay on 8 August 1942 and passed the famous Quit India
Resolution.
4.
On the same day, Gandhi gave
his call of ‘do or die’
5.
On 8th and 9th August 1942, the
government arrested all the prominent leaders of the Congress.
6.
Mahatma Gandhi was kept in
prison at Poona
7.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Abul
Kalam Azad, and other leaders were imprisoned in the Ahmednagar Fort
8.
At this time, leadership was
provided by Ram Manohar Lohia, Achyuta and S.M. Joshi.
9.
The role of Jayaprakash Narain
in this movement was important.
10.
Large number of students also
left their schools and colleges to join the movement.
11.
The youth of the nation also
participated in this movement with patriotism
12.
In 1944 Mahatma Gandhi was
released from jail.
13.
Quit India Movement was the
final attempt for country’s freedom.
14.
The British Government ordered
for 538 rounds of firing. Nearly 60,229 persons were jailed.
15.
At least 7,000 people were
killed.
16.
This movement paved the way for
India’s freedom. It aroused among Indians the feelings of bravery, enthusiasm
and total sacrifice.
Indian National Army
1.
During the course of the Second
World War, armed revolutionary activities continued to take place.
2.
The role of Subhas Chandra Bose
towards such activities is incomparable.
3.
On 2 July 1943, Subhas Chandra
Bose reached Singapore and gave the rousing war cry of ‘Dilli Chalo’
4.
He was made the President of
Indian Independence League and soon became the supreme commander of the Indian
National Army.
5.
The names of the INA’s three
Brigades were the Subhas Brigade, Gandhi Brigade and Nehru Brigade
6.
The women’s wing of the army
was named after Rani Lamiae
7.
The Indian National Army
marched towards Imphal after registering its victory over Kohima.
8.
After Japan’s surrender in 1945
9.
The INA failed in its efforts.
Under such circumstances, Subhas went to Taiwan.
10.
Then on his way to Tokyo he
died on 18 August 1945 in a plane crash
11.
The trial of the soldiers of
INA was held at Red Fort in Delhi
12.
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru,
Bhulabhai Desai and Tej Bahadur Sapru fought the case on behalf of the soldiers
Cabinet Mission (1946)
1.
After the Second World War,
Lord Atlee became the Prime Minister of England
2.
On 15 March, 1946 Lord Atlee
made a historic announcement in which the right to self-determination and the
framing of a Constitution for India were conceded.
3.
Consequently, three members of
the British Cabinet - Pathick Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps and A. V. Alexander
- were sent to India. This is known as the Cabinet Mission.
4.
The Cabinet Mission put forward
a plan for solution of the constitutional problem.
5.
Provision was made for three
groups of provinces to possess their separate constitutions
6.
The Cabinet Mission also
proposed the formation of a Union of India, comprising both the British India
and the Princely States.
7.
The Union would remain in
charge of only foreign affairs, defence and communications leaving the
residuary powers to be vested in the provinces
8.
Till a new government was
elected
9.
Both the Muslim League and the
Congress accepted the plan
10.
Consequently, elections were
held in July 1946 for the formation of a Constituent Assembly.
11.
The Congress secured 205 out of
214 General seats.
12.
The Muslim League got 73 out of
78 Muslim seats.
13.
An Interim Government was
formed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru on 2 September 1946
Mountbatten Plan (1947)
1.
On 20 February l947, Prime
Minister Atlee announced in the House of Commons the definite intention of the
British Government to transfer power to responsible Indian hands
2.
Thus, to effect the transference
of that power Atlee decided to send Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy to India.
3.
Lord Mountbatten armed with
vast powers became India’s Viceroy on 24 March 1947.
4.
The partition of India and the
creation of Pakistan appeared inevitable to him.
5.
After extensive consultation
Lord Mountbatten put forth the plan of partition of India on 3 June 1947.
6.
The Congress and the Muslim
League ultimately approved the Mountbatten Plan.
Indian Independence Act 1947
1.
The British Government accorded
formal approval to the Mountbatten Plan by enacting the Indian Independence Act
on 18 July 1947
2.
The partition of the country
into India and Pakistan would come into effect from 15 August 1947.
3.
The British Government would
transfer all powers to these two Dominions.
4.
A Boundary Commission would
demarcate the boundaries of the provinces of the Punjab and Bengal
5.
The Act provided for the
transfer of power to the Constituent Assemblies of the two Dominions,
6.
Which will have full authority
to frame their respective Constitutions.
7.
The Radcliff Boundary Commission
drew the boundary line separating India and Pakistan
8.
On 15th August 1947 India, and
on the 14th August Pakistan came into existence as two independent states.
9.
Lord Mountbatten was made the
first Governor General of Independent India
10.
Whereas Mohammad Ali Jinnah
became the first Governor General of Pakistan
11.
The most tragic incident
occurred on 30 January 1948, when Mahatma Gandhi - the father of the nationon
his way to a prayer meeting was assassinated by Nathuram Godse.
Choose the
correct answer
The Kheda Satyagraha was
launched by Gandhi in support of
(a) Indigo planters
(b)
Industrial labour
(c) Peasants
d) Mill workers
The Chauri Chaura incident took place in the
year
a) 1920
b) 1921
(c)
1922
(d) 1923
Match the following
1. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre a. 1923
2. Swaraj Party b. 1931
3. Dandi March c. 1930
4. Poona Pact d. 1919
5. Gandhi-Irwin Pact e. 1932
No comments:
Post a Comment